• follow an appropriate OABC pattern
    • opening
      • for most messages, give the key point first
      • for bad news or difficult persuasion, use a neutral opening and give the key point later 
    • agenda
      • give a preview to the body
      • use an appropriate agenda -- qualify, identify, organize, symbolize
    • body
      • maintain 5C information standards -- clear, complete correct, considerate and convincing
      • maintain CLOUD paragraph standards
    • closing
      • summarize the key point(s) of the message
      • draw appropriate conclusions
      • provide appropriate recommendations
  • bad news messages
    • mention the topic, but not the bad news
    • omit the agenda ( or give a general agenda)
    • explain your reasoning
    • give the bad news in a positive way
    • if possible, give other good options
  • CLOUD
    • coherence
      • make sure sentences flow logically from one to another
      • us "cohesion" words to achieve logical flow of ideas
    • length
      • avoid paragraphs that are so long that they look difficult to read
      • divide paragraphs at logical breaking points 
    • organization
      • generally flow a direct approach for paragraphs
      • begin with a topic sentence, which serves as an agenda for the paragraph
    • unity
      • make sure all sentences relate to the topic sentence
      • for unrelated content, create another paragraph 
    • development
      • include all information needed to support topic sentence
      • avoid including too much or too little information
  • clarify informative text
    • explain
      • the new plan has tree main parts
    • describe
    • discuss
    • compare
    • analyze
    • evaluate
    • illustrate
  • apply effective persuasion strategies
    • frame the issue strategically
    • state your proposed solution
    • support your argument
    • resolve concerns
    • request audience action

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