3 messenger factors verbal words pronunciation enunciation voice pitch rate volume tone nonverbal eyes and face gesture dress and appearance floor space deal with the unexpected boredom disruptive behavior fatigue misunderstanding equipment breakdown time reduction things to do engage with audience: tell a joke or ask a question. rehearsing is literally giving the presentation, complete with gestures and visuals, as though you were giving it to the real audience rehearsing options rehears by yourself to an imaginary audience rehears by speaking to a real practice audience rehears with a video camera so you can see yourself rehearse with real-time feedback technology that enables others to give detailed feedback 3 m's of presentation messenger media message